Probatio probatio est pars integralis conservationis salutis nostrae integritatis nostrae salutis systemata instrumentorum (SIS) et systemata relata tuta (eg terrores critici, systemata ignis & gasi, systemata interlocked instrumenti, etc.). Probatio probatio periodica est probatio periodica ad defectiones periculosas deprehendendas, experimentum tutandi functionality relatas (eg reset, praeterire, terrores, diagnostica, shutdown manuales, etc.), et ut systema conveniat societati et signis externis. Eventus probationis probatio sunt etiam mensura efficaciae institutionis mechanicae SIS et agri firmitas systematis.
Probatur probatio processuum inducit experimentum gradus ab acquirendo permittit, notificationes faciens et systema extra servitium probandi ad experiendi comprehensivam probationem, documenta probationis probationis eiusque eventorum, ponendo systema in servitio retrahendo, ac aestimando eventum probatum ac praecedens probationem. test consequitur.
ANSI/ISA/IEC 61511-1, Clausula 16, SIS probationis probatio. ISA relatio technica TR84.00.03 - "Mechanica Integritas Salutis Systems Instrumenti (SIS) probationem obtegit et nunc sub emendatione nova cum nova versione quae mox expectatur. ISA relatio technica TR96.05.02 - "In-situ Probatur Probatio Valvulae Automated" in evolutione nunc est.
UK HSE relatio CRR 428/2002 - "Principia ad probationem probandi systemata instrumentorum salutis in industria chemica" praebet informationes de probatione probationis et quid societates in UK agant.
Probatio experimenti procedendi fundatur in analysi notae periculosae deficiendi modi pro singulis componentibus in functione tuta instrumented (SIF) iter itineris, SIF functionality sicut systema, et quomodo (et si) experiendi defectum periculosum modum. De modo procedendi progressio in SIF designandi tempus inire debet cum systematis consilio, partium delectu, ac determinatione quando et quomodo ad probationem probandam. SIS instrumenta varias habent gradus probationis probandi difficultatem quae consideranda est in SIF consilio, operatione et sustentatione. Exempli gratia, orificium metrorum et pressionis transmissionum facilius sunt probare quam Coriolis massam fluminum, metra mag- radar vel per-the-aerem sensoriis campestris. Applicatio et consilium valvae etiam comprehendi valvae probationis probationem afficere possunt ad curandum ut periculosis et incipientibus defectibus ob deformitatem, linamentis vel temporis defectibus dependens non inducat ad defectum criticum intra inter probati temporis intervallum.
Dum probatio probatio processus typice evolvitur in periodo SIF engineering, etiam a situ SIS technicae auctoritati, operationi et instrumenti technicorum recenseri debent qui probationem facient. A analysis securitatis officium (JSA) etiam faciendum est. Gravis est emere plantae in quo experimenta fient et quando, et corporis et salutis eorum facundia. Exempli gratia, nihil prodest ad probandum partiales plagas specificare cum coetus operationum id facere non consentit. Commendatur etiam ut probatio processus experimenti a re independenti perito (SME). Probatio typica requisita ad plenam probationem functionem probationis illustratur in Figura 1 .
Plena functionis probationis probatio requisita Figura 1: Plena functionis probationis test specificatio pro functione instrumented tuta (SIF) eiusque systematis instrumentis salus (SIS) debet percurrere vel referre ad gradus in ordine ex praeparationibus et experimentis procedendi ad notificationes et documenta. .
Figura 1: Plena functionis probatio test specificatio pro functione instrumenti tuta (SIF) et eius salus systematis instrumenti (SIS) debet percurrere vel referre ad gradus in ordine ex praeparationibus et experimentis procedendi ad notificationes et documenta.
Probatio probatio est actio quae cogitavit sustentationem a competentibus curatoribus exercitatis in SIS probatione facienda, processus probationis, et SIS ansas experiendi erunt. Sit deambulatio-per modum procedendi prior ad probationem initialem faciendam, ac opiniones ad locum SIS technicae auctoritati postea ad emendationes vel correctiones.
Duae sunt primae modi defectus (tutus vel periculosus), qui in quattuor modos subdividitur, periculosus inobservatus, periculosus (per diagnosticos) detectus, incolumis invisa et tuta detecta. Periculosa et periculosa inobservata defectus vocabula permutabiliter in hoc articulo adhibentur.
In probatione SIF probatione, imprimis interest in periculosis modorum defectus latentis, at si adsunt diagnostica quae periculosas delicta deprehendunt, haec diagnostica probata esse debent. Nota dissimiles usorum diagnosticos, diagnostica interna notiones typice convalescere non posse ut utilitatis ab utentis, et hoc potest influere probationem probationis philosophiae. Cum fides pro diagnostica in calculis SIL accipiuntur, terrores diagnostici (exempliedi terrores extra-range) examinari debent ut pars probationis.
Defectus modi ulterius dividi possunt in eos qui probati sunt in probatione probata, non probata, et incipientibus defectis vel defectibus temporis dependens. Modi quidam periculosi defectus non possunt directe probare ob varias causas (exempli causa difficultas, machinalis vel perficiendi decisionis, ignorantiae, incompetentiae, omissionis vel commissionis systematici erroris, humilis probabilitatis eventus, etc.). Si notae sunt defectus modi qui non probabuntur, emendae faciendae sunt in fabrica consilio, processu experimenti, periodica machinae reponenda vel reaedificanda, et/vel probatio illativa facienda erit ut effectum in SIF integritas non tentationis minuat.
Defectio incipientis status vel condicionis deiectionis est, ita ut defectus criticus, periculosus rationabiliter expectari possit, si actus emendandi opportune modo non sumantur. Plerumque deprehenduntur per comparationem ad recentes vel initiales probationum probationum Probatio (exempli gratia valvae subscriptiones vel valvae responsionis tempora) vel inspectione (exempli gratia portum processuum inplendarum). Defectus incipientes plerumque tempus dependens - quo diutius fabrica vel conventus in servitio est, eo magis degradatur; condiciones quae faciliorem defectum temere facilius fiunt, processus portus linamentis vel sensoris aedificationis per tempus, vita utilis excurrit, etc. Ergo, quo longior probatio interstitium est, eo probabilius initium vel temporis dependens defectum. Quaevis praesidia contra incipientes delicta etiam probata esse debent (portus purgans, calor typum, etc.).
Procedendi scribendae sunt ad probationem tium periculorum (invisa) defectis. Defectus modus et effectus analysin (FMEA) vel modus deficiendi, effectus et analysis diagnostica (FMEDA) adiuvare possunt ut periculosis defectibus latent, et ubi probatio probatio coverage emendari debet.
Multae probationes rationes testium factae sunt scriptae in experientia et experientiae ex processibus existentibus. Novae rationes et magis implicatae SIFs vocant ad machinationem accessionem utentes FMEA/FMEDA ad resolvendum pro defectibus periculosis, quomodo probatio procedendi erit vel non probabit pro illis defectibus, et in coverage de probationibus. Macro-gradus defectus modus analysis obstructionum figurae pro sensore in Figura ostenditur 2. FMEA typice solum semel fieri debet ad peculiare genus machinationis et ad similes machinas cum consideratione processus muneris, institutionis et situs probandi facultates. .
Macro-gradus defectivus analysis Figurae 2: Haec macro-grada defectus modus analysis obstructionum figurae pro sensore et pressione transmittente (PT) ostendit munera maiora quae typice rescinduntur in multa microform defectum analyses ut plene definiant defectiones potentiae quae dirigendae sunt. in munere probat.
Figura 2: Hic macro-gradus defectivus modus analyseos angustus diagramma sensoris et pressionis transfusoris (PT) ostendit functiones maiores quae typice in micro defectu analyses multiplices rescindendae sunt ut defectiones potentiales in functionibus probationibus tradendas plene definiant.
Recipis de notis, periculosis, defectis qui invisa sunt, probatio probata dicitur probatio test coverage (PTC). PTC communiter in SIL calculos "compensare" pro defectu plenius SIF probare. Falsum putant homines, quia defectum testium coverage in suo SIL calculo consideraverunt, certum SIF constituerunt. Simplex res est, si experimentum tuum coverage est 75%, et si numerum illum in tuum SIL calculi factores ac probas res quas saepius iam probas, 25% periculorum defectibus adhuc peraeque occurrere potest. Certe non vis 25% in illa esse.
FMEDA approbatio relationum et salus manual pro machinis typice praebent minimam probationem procedendi et probationem test coverage. Hae solum directionem praebent, non omnes gradus examinis ad probationem comprehensivam procedendi requisiti. Aliae species analysis defectionis, ut culpae analysi arboris et commendatio circa sustentationem, adhibentur etiam ad analysim pro defectibus periculosis.
Probatio probationum in plenam functionem (finem-ad-finem) vel particularem functionis probationem dividi potest (Figura 3). Munus munus partialis probatio fieri solet, cum partes SIF varias probationes intervalla habent in calculis SIL quae cum proposito claudit vel turnarounds non accedunt. Gravis est quod probationis munus partialis probationis rationum examinis incidat ita ut simul universam functionem SIF salutem experiantur. Cum probatione functionis partialis, adhuc commendatur SIF probationem habere initialem finem-ad-finem probationem, et subsequentes in turnarounds.
Probatio partialis probationes addere debent Figura 3: Coniuncti probationes partiales (imae) omnes functiones plenae probationis functionis (top) operiant.
Figura 3: Composita probatio partialis probationes (bottom) omnes functiones plenae probationis functionis (top) operire debet.
Partialis probatio test solum probat recipis notae defectum modorum. Commune exemplum valvae plagae partialis probatio est, ubi plectrum parvam quantitatem (10-20%) ad comprobandum non haesit. Haec probatio inferioris probationis coverage quam probatio probatio in prima experimenti intervallo habet.
Probatur probatio processus variari potest in multiplicitate cum multiplicitate SIF et philosophiae procedendi societatis experimentum. Alie societates gradatim examinis rationes accuratas scribunt, aliae satis breves rationes habent. Notae ad alias rationes, sicut in calibratione vexillum, interdum adhibentur ad reducendam magnitudinem probationis procedendi examinis et ad constantiam in probatione adiuvandam. Bona probatio probatio processus satis accurate providere debet ut omnia probatio probe peracta et documenta, sed non tam singillatim ut technici vestigandi causa desiderent. Habens technicos, qui est responsalis ad gressus probationis faciendo, initialem gressus testium perfecti adiuvari potest ut probatio recte fiat. Adscribe de peractae probationis probatione Instrumenti Supervisoris et Repraesentatoris Operationes etiam momentum in luce collocabunt ac probationem rite peractam confirmabunt.
Opiniones technicae semper invitari debent ad procedendum adiuvandum. Successus probationis procedendi magna ex parte in manibus technicis iacet, ideo opera collaborativa valde commendatur.
Maxime probatio probatio typice fit off-linea per shutdown vel turnaround. In quibusdam casibus, probatio probatio requiri potest ut in online fiat, dum currit ad satisfaciendum SIL calculis vel aliis requisitis. Online probatio requirit consilium et coordinationem cum Operationibus, ut permittat probationem probationis tuto fieri, sine processu turbato, et sine causa iter spurium. Unum tantum iter spurium accipit ut omnes attaboys tuos adhibeas. In hoc genere experimenti, cum SIF non plene praesto est ad suam salutem suam perficiendam, 61511-1, clausula 11.8.5, affirmat "sationes compensare, quae in tuto operando continuata conserventur, ad normam 11.3 cum SIS inest. bypass (reparatione vel experimento) ". Modus administrationis condicionis abnormis debet procedere cum probatione procedendi ad probationem faciendam ut adiuvet ut hoc rite factum sit.
SIF typice dividitur in tres partes principales: sensores, logicam solvers et elementa ultima. Sunt etiam typice machinis auxiliares quae singulis his tribus partibus coniungi possunt (eg IS claustra, iter amps, intervalla, solenoides, etc.) etiam probandae sunt. Rationes criticae probandi singulas has technologias in sidebar reperiri possunt, "Experire sensores, logica solvers et elementa ultima" (infra).
Quaedam faciliora sunt ad probationem quam aliis probandam. Multi moderni et pauci maiores technologiae fluunt et campestris in difficilioribus categoriis sunt. Hi includunt flocci Coriolis, vortex metra, mag- metra, per radar-aerem, gradum ultrasonicum, et in situ processus virgas, paucas nominare. Fortunate multa ex his nunc diagnostica aucta sunt, quae meliorem experimentum admittunt.
Difficultas probationis talem machinam in campo probandi consideranda est in consilio SIF. Facile est machinas SIF deligi sine gravi consideratione rei quae ad probationem probationis requiritur, cum homines probare non possint. Hoc etiam verum est de probatione partiali-plaga, quae communis est modus emendandi SIF mediocris probabilitatis defectionis in postulato (PFDavg), sed postea in operationibus plantae id facere non vult, et multoties non potest. Semper praebent plantam inspectionem machinationis SIFs quoad probationem probationis.
Probatur probatio inspectionem institutionis SIF includere et reparare prout opus est ad occursum 61511-1, clausula 16.3.2. Ultima inspectio debet esse ut omnia emoveantur, et duplex perscriptio quod SIF in servitium processuum rite collocatus sit.
Scribere et exsequendam bonam probationem procedendi gradus magni momenti est, ut integritas SIF in vita sua curet. Processus probatus sufficienter singula praebere debet ut probatio inquisita constanter et tuto fiat et documentum fiat. Periculosa delicta non probata probationibus satisfieri debent ut integritas SIF in vita sua sufficienter servetur.
Scribens bonam probationem probationem procedendi requirit logicam accessum ad analysin machinativae potentiae periculosae delictorum, mediorum deligendo, et scribendo probationem gradus probationis qui intra plantae facultates experiendi sunt. In via, accipe plantam in omnibus gradibus ad probationem emere, et technicos erudire ad probationem faciendam ac documentum probationis necnon momenti experimenti intellegendi. Scribere instructiones quasi tu instrumentum technicos qui opus facere debebis, et quod vivit pendere questus probatio ius, quia faciunt.
Testing sensors, logic solvers and final elements A SIF is typically divided up into three main parts, sensors, logic solvers and final elements. There also typically are auxiliary devices that can be associated within each of these three parts (e.g. I.S. barriers, trip amps, interposing relays, solenoids, etc.) that must also be tested.Sensor proof tests: The sensor proof test must ensure that the sensor can sense the process variable over its full range and transmit the proper signal to the SIS logic solver for evaluation. While not inclusive, some of the things to consider in creating the sensor portion of the proof test procedure are given in Table 1. Table 1: Sensor proof test considerations Process ports clean/process interface check, significant buildup noted Internal diagnostics check, run extended diagnostics if available Sensor calibration (5 point) with simulated process input to sensor, verified through to the DCS, drift check Trip point check High/High-High/Low/Low-Low alarms Redundancy, voting degradation Out of range, deviation, diagnostic alarms Bypass and alarms, restrike User diagnostics Transmitter Fail Safe configuration verified Test associated systems (e.g. purge, heat tracing, etc.) and auxiliary components Physical inspection Complete as-found and as-left documentation Logic solver proof test: When full-function proof testing is done, the logic solver’s part in accomplishing the SIF’s safety action and related actions (e.g. alarms, reset, bypasses, user diagnostics, redundancies, HMI, etc.) are tested. Partial or piecemeal function proof tests must accomplish all these tests as part of the individual overlapping proof tests. The logic solver manufacturer should have a recommended proof test procedure in the device safety manual. If not and as a minimum, the logic solver power should be cycled, and the logic solver diagnostic registers, status lights, power supply voltages, communication links and redundancy should be checked. These checks should be done prior to the full-function proof test.Don’t make the assumption that the software is good forever and the logic need not be tested after the initial proof test as undocumented, unauthorized and untested software and hardware changes and software updates can creep into systems over time and must be factored into your overall proof test philosophy. The management of change, maintenance, and revision logs should be reviewed to ensure they are up to date and properly maintained, and if capable, the application program should be compared to the latest backup.Care should also be taken to test all the user logic solver auxiliary and diagnostic functions (e.g. watchdogs, communication links, cybersecurity appliances, etc.).Final element proof test: Most final elements are valves, however, rotating equipment motor starters, variable-speed drives and other electrical components such as contactors and circuit breakers are also used as final elements and their failure modes must be analyzed and proof tested.The primary failure modes for valves are being stuck, response time too slow or too fast, and leakage, all of which are affected by the valve’s operating process interface at trip time. While testing the valve at operating conditions is the most desirable case, Operations would generally be opposed to tripping the SIF while the plant is operating. Most SIS valves are typically tested while the plant is down at zero differential pressure, which is the least demanding of operating conditions. The user should be aware of the worst-case operational differential pressure and the valve and process degradation effects, which should be factored into the valve and actuator design and sizing.Commonly, to compensate for not testing at process operating conditions, additional safety pressure/thrust/torque margin is added to the valve actuator and inferential performance testing is done utilizing baseline testing. Examples of these inferential tests are where the valve response time is timed, a smart positioner or digital valve controller is used to record a valve pressure/position curve or signature, or advance diagnostics are done during the proof test and compared with previous test results or baselines to detect valve performance degradation, indicating a potential incipient failure. Also, if tight shut off (TSO) is a requirement, simply stroking the valve will not test for leakage and a periodic valve leak test will have to be performed. ISA TR96.05.02 is intended to provide guidance on four different levels of testing of SIS valves and their typical proof test coverage, based on how the test is instrumented. People (particularly users) are encouraged to participate in the development of this technical report (contact crobinson@isa.org).Ambient temperatures can also affect valve friction loads, so that testing valves in warm weather will generally be the least demanding friction load when compared to cold weather operation. As a result, proof testing of valves at a consistent temperature should be considered to provide consistent data for inferential testing for the determination of valve performance degradation.Valves with smart positioners or a digital valve controller generally have capability to create a valve signature that can be used to monitor degradation in valve performance. A baseline valve signature can be requested as part of your purchase order or you can create one during the initial proof test to serve as a baseline. The valve signature should be done for both opening and closing of the valve. Advanced valve diagnostic should also be used if available. This can help tell you if your valve performance is deteriorating by comparing subsequent proof test valve signatures and diagnostics with your baseline. This type of test can help compensate for not testing the valve at worst case operating pressures.The valve signature during a proof test may also be able to record the response time with time stamps, removing the need for a stopwatch. Increased response time is a sign of valve deterioration and increased friction load to move the valve. While there are no standards regarding changes in valve response time, a negative pattern of changes from proof test to proof test is indicative of the potential loss of the valve’s safety margin and performance. Modern SIS valve proof testing should include a valve signature as a matter of good engineering practice.The valve instrument air supply pressure should be measured during a proof test. While the valve spring for a spring-return valve is what closes the valve, the force or torque involved is determined by how much the valve spring is compressed by the valve supply pressure (per Hooke’s Law, F = kX). If your supply pressure is low, the spring will not compress as much, hence less force will be available to move the valve when needed. While not inclusive, some of the things to consider in creating the valve portion of the proof test procedure are given in Table 2. Table 2: Final element valve assembly considerations Test valve safety action at process operating pressure (best but typically not done), and time the valve’s response time. Verify redundancy Test valve safety action at zero differential pressure and time valve’s response time. Verify redundancy Run valve signature and diagnostics as part of proof test and compare to baseline and previous test Visually observe valve action (proper action without unusual vibration or noise, etc.). Verify the valve field and position indication on the DCS Fully stroke the valve a minimum of five times during the proof test to help ensure valve reliability. (This is not intended to fix significant degradation effects or incipient failures). Review valve maintenance records to ensure any changes meet the required valve SRS specifications Test diagnostics for energize-to-trip systems Leak test if Tight Shut Off (TSO) is required Verify the command disagree alarm functionality Inspect valve assembly and internals Remove, test and rebuild as necessary Complete as-found and as-left documentation Solenoids Evaluate venting to provide required response time Evaluate solenoid performance by a digital valve controller or smart positioner Verify redundant solenoid performance (e.g. 1oo2, 2oo3) Interposing Relays Verify correct operation, redundancy Device inspection
A SIF typice dividitur in tres partes principales, sensores, logicam solvers et elementa ultima. Ibi etiam typice sunt machinae auxiliares quae in unaquaque harum trium partium coniungi possunt (eg IS claustra, iter amps, intervalla, solenoides, etc.) etiam probandae sunt.
Sensor probatio probat: Probatio probatio sensorem efficere debet ut sensorem percipere possit processus variabilis per suam plenam extensionem ac proprium signum SIS logicae solventis aestimationis transmittere. Dum non inclusive, aliquae res in creando sensorem portionem proba- tionis considerandae procedendi habentur in Tabula 1 .
Logica solveris probatio probatio: Cum probatio probatio plenae functionis fiat, logica solventis partem in perficiendo SIF actionem salutem et actiones cognatas (ex. gr. terrores, reset, praetermissiones, diagnostica utentis, redundantias, HMI, etc.) probantur. Munus partiale vel minutum probationes probatio omnes has probationes perficere debet ut pars uniuscuiusque probationis imbricatae probationes. Logica solveris fabrica debet habere probationem commendatam examinis procedendi in fabrica salutis manualis. Si non et ut minimum, logica solvens potestas revolvi debet, et logica solvens diagnostica tabularum, status luminum, potentiae copia voltages, nexus communicationis et redundantia cohibenda sunt. Hae stimulae faciendae sunt ante probationem plenae functionis.
Noli assumere quod software est bonum aeternum et logica non debet esse probata post primam probationem tamquam undocumentum, alienum et probatum programmata et ferramenta mutationes et renovationes programmata in systemata per tempus subrepere ac factored in altiore tuo proba- tionem philosophiae. Procuratio mutationis, conservationis, et recognitionis acta recenseantur ut sint recentia et recte conservata, et, si idoneus, progressio applicationis proximis tergum comparanda est.
Cavendum etiam est ut probemus omnia functiones auxiliares et diagnostica solver logicas utentis (exempli canes, nexus communicationis, adjumenta cybersecuritas, etc.).
Finalis elementi probationis probatio: Pleraque elementa ultima sunt valvulae, tamen, apparatu motore imprimis rotato, velocitate variabili agitet et alia elementa electrica ut contactores et confractores ambitus adhibentur etiam pro elementis finalibus eorumque modi defectus enucleanda et probata probanda sunt.
Primae modi defectus valvulae adhaeserunt, responsio tempus nimis tardum vel nimis celeriter, et lacus, quae omnia afficiuntur processu operante valvae in itinere temporis. Dum valvae tentat condiciones operativas est casus optabilis, Operationes plerumque opponi volunt SIF ludentibus cum planta operante. Pleraque SIS valvulae typice probatae sunt dum planta in nulla pressura differentiali descendit, quae minimam condiciones operandi postulabat. Usor sentire debet pessimum-casum differentialis pressionis operationalis et degradationis plectrum et processuum effectuum, qui in plectro et actuatoris consilio et inspectione factores esse debent.
Commonly, to compensate for not testing at process operating conditions, additional safety pressure/thrust/torque margin is added to the valve actuator and inferential performance testing is done utilizing baseline testing. Examples of these inferential tests are where the valve response time is timed, a smart positioner or digital valve controller is used to record a valve pressure/position curve or signature, or advance diagnostics are done during the proof test and compared with previous test results or baselines to detect valve performance degradation, indicating a potential incipient failure. Also, if tight shut off (TSO) is a requirement, simply stroking the valve will not test for leakage and a periodic valve leak test will have to be performed. ISA TR96.05.02 is intended to provide guidance on four different levels of testing of SIS valves and their typical proof test coverage, based on how the test is instrumented. People (particularly users) are encouraged to participate in the development of this technical report (contact crobinson@isa.org).
Ambientes temperaturae valvae frictioni onera etiam afficere possunt, ut valvulae probatae in tempestate calida plerumque minimum exigant frictioni onus cum operationi frigoris comparatae. Quam ob rem, probatio probatio valvularum ad temperaturam constantem habendam censendus est providere notitias constantes ad probationem illativam ad determinationem degradationis valvae perficiendi.
Valvulae cum positioners captiosis vel valvae digitalis moderatoris plerumque facultatem habent ad subscriptio valvae creandi quae ad degradationem monitoris in valvae effectui adhiberi possunt. Subscriptio valvae baseline postulari potest ut pars ordinis emptionis tuae vel unum creare potes per probationem initialem probationem ut baseline inservias. Subscriptio valvae facienda est valvae et aperiendae et claudendae. Provectus valvae diagnostica adhibeantur etiam si praesto sint. Hoc adiuvare potest tibi dicere si effectus tuus valvae corrumpitur, comparet probationem subsequentem testium valvae subscriptiones et diagnostica cum baseline tua. Hoc genus testi adiuvare potest compensare quod valvae non temptat in casu gravissimo pressuris operantibus.
Subscriptio valvae in probatione probationis etiam responsionis tempus cum temporis notat referre poterit, necessitatem stopwatch tollendo. Tempus auctum responsionis signum est valvae depravationis et attritionis augendae onus ad valvae movendum. Dum nulla signa sunt circa mutationes in tempore responsionis valvae, exemplar negativum mutationum a probatione probationis ad probationem probatum est indicativa potentiae amissionis marginis salutis valvae et effectus. SIS valvae modernae probatio probatio valvae notae debet includere ut materia bonae machinalis practicae.
Plectrum instrumenti aeris pressionis copia metiri debet in probatione experimenti. Dum plectrum fontis plectrum ver-retum est quod valvae claudit, vis seu torques involvit, determinatur quantum valvae fons a valvae copia pressionis comprimatur (per Hooke's Law, F = kX). Si pressio copiarum tuarum gravis est, fons tantum non comprimet, hinc vis minus praesto erit ad movendam valvam cum opus fuerit. Cum non inclusive, aliquae res quae in creando valvae portione probationis examinis considerandae procedendi habentur in Tabula II.
Post tempus: Nov-13-2019
