O su'ega fa'amaonia ose vaega taua o le fa'atumauina o le fa'amaoni o le saogalemu o a tatou faiga fa'aoga saogalemu (SIS) ma faiga e feso'ota'i ma le saogalemu (fa'ata'ita'iga fa'alavelave mata'utia, afi ma kesi, masini feso'ota'i, ma isi). Ole su'ega fa'amaonia ose su'ega fa'avaitaimi e iloa ai fa'aletonu mata'utia, fa'ata'ita'iga o galuega e feso'ota'i ma le saogalemu (fa'ata'ita'iga, toe fa'afo'i, so'o, fa'ailo, fa'ata'ita'i, tapuni tusi, ma isi), ma fa'amautinoa e fetaui lelei le faiga o le kamupani ma tulaga i fafo. O faʻaiʻuga o suʻega faʻamaonia o se fuataga foi o le aoga o le SIS masini faʻamaoni polokalame ma le faʻalagolago i le fanua o le faiga.
O faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻega faʻamaonia e aofia ai laʻasaga o suʻega mai le mauaina o pemita, faia o faʻamatalaga ma le aveʻesea o le faiga mo suʻega mo le faʻamautinoaina o suʻega atoatoa, faʻamaumau le suʻega faʻamaonia ma ona iʻuga, toe tuʻuina le faiga i le auaunaga, ma le iloiloga o suʻega o loʻo iai nei ma faʻamaoniga muamua. i'uga o su'ega.
ANSI/ISA/IEC 61511-1, Fuaiupu 16, e aofia ai su'ega fa'amaonia SIS. Lipoti fa'atekinisi a le ISA TR84.00.03 - "Mechanical Integrity of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS)," o lo'o aofia ai su'ega fa'amaonia ma o lo'o i lalo o le toe iloiloga ma se fa'aaliga fou ua fa'amoemoe e fa'atosina vave. Lipoti faʻapitoa a le ISA TR96.05.02 - "Faʻataʻitaʻiga Faʻataʻitaʻiga o Valves Faʻapitoa" o loʻo faʻatulagaina nei.
Lipoti a le UK HSE CRR 428/2002 – “Fa'avae mo su'esu'ega fa'amaonia o faiga fa'aoga saogalemu i totonu o pisinisi kemisi" e maua ai fa'amatalaga e uiga i su'ega fa'amaonia ma mea o lo'o faia e kamupani i Peretania.
O se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga e fa'avae i luga o se au'ili'iliga o faiga fa'aletonu mata'utia ua iloa mo vaega ta'itasi i le ala malaga fa'aaoga meafaigaluega (SIF), le fa'atinoga o le SIF o se faiga, ma pe fa'apefea (ma pe a) e su'e ai le fa'aletonu mata'utia. faiga. O le atina'eina o taualumaga e tatau ona amata ile vaega ole SIF ma le mamanu ole faiga, filifiliga o vaega, ma le fa'ai'uga ole taimi ma pe fa'apefea ona fa'amaonia le su'ega. O meafaifa'aili a le SIS e eseese tikeri o fa'amaoniga faigata e tatau ona iloiloina i le SIF mamanu, fa'agaioiga ma le tausiga. Mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, e sili atu ona faigofie le su'eina o mita orifice ma mea fa'aoso fa'aoso nai lo Coriolis mass flowmeters, mag mita po'o ala-le-air radar level sensors. O le fa'aogaina ma le fa'aogaina o le valve e mafai fo'i ona a'afia ai le atoatoa o le su'ega fa'amaonia o le valve e fa'amautinoa ai o fa'aletonu mata'utia ma amata ona o le fa'aleagaina, fa'apipi'i po'o le fa'alagolago i le taimi e le o'o atu ai i se fa'aletonu mata'utia i totonu o le vaitau o su'ega filifilia.
E ui o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'amaonia o su'ega e masani lava ona atia'e i le vaega fa'ainisinia SIF, e tatau fo'i ona toe iloilo e le nofoaga SIS Technical Authority, Fa'agaioiga ma mea faigaluega tekinisia o le a faia le su'ega. E tatau foi ona faia se su'esu'ega mo le saogalemu o galuega (JSA). E taua tele le fa'atau mai o le la'au fa'atatau i su'ega o le a faia ma afea, ma le fa'aogaina o le tino ma le saogalemu. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e le aoga le faʻamaonia o suʻega vaega-stroke pe a le malilie le vaega o le Operations e fai. O lo'o fautuaina fo'i le toe iloiloina o fa'ata'ita'iga o su'ega fa'amaonia e se tagata poto faapitoa i mataupu (SME). Ole su'ega masani e mana'omia mo se su'ega fa'amaonia atoatoa o lo'o fa'aalia ile Ata 1.
Mana'oga mo su'ega fa'atino atoatoa Ata 1: O se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga atoa ole su'ega mo se galuega fa'aoga saogalemu (SIF) ma lona faiga fa'aoga saogalemu (SIS) e tatau ona fa'ailoa mai pe fa'asino i la'asaga i le fa'asologa mai sauniuniga o su'ega ma su'ega su'ega i fa'amatalaga ma fa'amaumauga. .
Ata 1: O se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'amaonia atoatoa ole su'ega mo se galuega fa'aoga saogalemu (SIF) ma lona fa'aogaina o le saogalemu (SIS) e tatau ona fa'ailoa mai pe fa'asino i la'asaga i le fa'asologa mai tapenaga o su'ega ma faiga su'ega i fa'amatalaga ma fa'amaumauga.
O le su'ega fa'amaonia ose fuafuaga fa'aleleia e tatau ona fa'atino e tagata agavaa ua a'oa'oina ile su'ega a le SIS, le fa'ata'ita'iga fa'amaonia, ma fa'ailoga SIS o le a latou su'eina. E tatau ona iai se fa'ata'ita'iga o le fa'agasologa a'o le'i faia le ulua'i su'ega fa'amaonia, ma fa'amatalaga i le nofoaga SIS Technical Authority mulimuli ane mo fa'aleleia po'o fa'asa'oga.
E lua faiga fa'aletonu muamua (saogalemu pe mata'utia), lea e vaevaeina i ni auala se fa - mata'utia e le iloa, mata'utia e iloa (e ala i su'esu'ega), saogalemu e le iloa ma saogalemu. Tulaga mata'utia ma le mata'utia e le'i iloa o lo'o fa'aaogaina fa'afesuia'i i lenei tusiga.
I su'ega fa'amaoniga a le SIF, matou te matua fiafia lava i faiga fa'aletonu mata'utia e le'i iloa, ae afai o lo'o i ai su'esu'ega a le tagata fa'aoga e iloa ai fa'aletonu mata'utia, e tatau ona fa'amaonia nei su'esu'ega. Manatua e le pei o su'esu'ega a le tagata fa'aoga, o su'esu'ega i totonu ole masini e masani lava e le mafai ona fa'amaonia e le tagata fa'aaoga, ma e mafai ona a'afia ai le filosofia o su'ega fa'amaonia. Pe a ave le aitalafu mo su'esu'ega ile fa'atusatusaga a le SIL, e tatau ona fa'ata'ita'i fa'ailo fa'ama'i (fa'ata'ita'iga i fafo o le va'aiga) o se vaega ole su'ega fa'amaonia.
E mafai ona vaevae atili faiga fa'aletonu i fa'ata'ita'iga i le taimi o le su'ega fa'amaonia, i latou e le'i fa'ata'ita'iina, ma fa'aletonu amata po'o fa'aletonu e fa'alagolago i le taimi. O nisi fa'aletonu mata'utia e le mafai ona fa'ata'ita'iina sa'o mo ni mafua'aga eseese (fa'ata'ita'iga faigata, fa'ainisinia po'o fa'ai'uga fa'agaioiga, fa'avalevalea, fa'aletonu, fa'agaoioiga po'o le fa'atonuina o fa'asologa fa'aletonu, maualalo le ono tupu, ma isi). Afai e iai ni faiga fa'aletonu e le mafai ona fa'ata'ita'iina, e tatau ona faia le taui ile mamanu o masini, fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga, suiga ole masini fa'avaitaimi po'o le toe fausia, ma/po'o fa'ata'ita'iga e tatau ona faia e fa'aitiitia ai le a'afiaga ile fa'amaoni ole SIF ole su'ega.
O le fa'aletonu fa'afuase'i ose tulaga fa'aleagaina po'o se tulaga e mafai ona fa'amoemoe e tupu se fa'aletonu mata'utia pe a le faia ni fa'asa'oga i se taimi talafeagai. E masani lava ona iloa e ala i le fa'atusatusaina o fa'atinoga i su'ega fa'ata'ita'i lata mai pe fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga (fa'ata'ita'iga saini valve po'o taimi tali valve) po'o le asiasiga (fa'ata'ita'iga o se uafu fa'apipi'i). O fa'aletonu amata e masani lava ona fa'alagolago i le taimi-o le umi o le masini po'o le fa'apotopotoga o lo'o tautua, o le sili atu fo'i lea ona leaga; tulaga e faafaigofie ai se faaletonu faafuasei o le a sili atu ona foliga mai, faagasologa uafu plugging po o le sensor buildup i le taimi, le aoga aoga ua uma, ma isi. So'o se puipuiga mai fa'aletonu fa'afuase'i e tatau fo'i ona fa'ata'ita'i fa'amaonia (fa'amamaina o le taulaga, su'esu'eina o le vevela, ma isi).
E tatau ona tusia taualumaga e fa'amaonia ai su'ega mo fa'aletonu mata'utia (le iloa). Faiga fa'aletonu ma au'ili'iliga (FMEA) po'o le fa'aletonu, aafiaga ma su'esu'ega fa'ata'ita'iga (FMEDA) e mafai ona fesoasoani i le fa'ailoaina o fa'aletonu mata'utia e le'i iloa, ma le mea e tatau ona fa'aleleia atili ai le fa'amaonia o su'ega.
O le tele o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga o lo'o tusia fa'atatau i fa'ata'ita'iga ma fa'ata'ita'iga mai fa'asologa o lo'o iai. O faiga fou ma sili atu ona lavelave SIFs e manaʻomia se auala e sili atu ona faʻainisinia e faʻaaoga ai le FMEA/FMEDA e iloilo ai mo faʻaletonu mataʻutia, fuafua pe faʻafefea pe o le a faʻataʻitaʻi le suʻega mo na toilalo, ma le aofia ai o suʻega. Ole fa'ata'ita'iga ole fa'ata'ita'iga ole fa'ata'ita'iga ole fa'aogaina ole macro-level mo se sensor o lo'o fa'aalia ile Ata 2. Ole FMEA e masani lava e na'o le tasi le mea e mana'omia ona fai mo se ituaiga masini ma toe fa'aoga mo masini fa'apena ma le iloiloina o la latou auaunaga fa'agasologa, fa'apipi'i ma fa'ata'ita'iga tulaga gafatia. .
Su'esu'ega fa'aletonu o le macro-level Ata 2: O lenei fa'ata'ita'iga poloka poloka fa'ata'otoga fa'aletonu tulaga fa'aletonu mo se masini ma le fa'avevela mamafa (PT) o lo'o fa'aalia ai galuega tetele e masani ona fa'amavaeina i le tele o su'esu'ega fa'aletonu laiti e fa'amalamalama atoatoa ai fa'aletonu e mafai ona fo'ia. i suega o galuega.
Ata 2: O lenei fa'ata'ita'iga poloka fa'ata'ita'iga fa'aletonu o le macro-level mo se masini ma le fa'avevela o le mamafa (PT) o lo'o fa'aalia ai galuega tetele e masani ona fa'amavaeina i le tele o su'esu'ega fa'aletonu e fa'amalamalama atoatoa ai le fa'aletonu e ono fa'atatau i su'ega galuega.
O le pasene o fa'aletonu ua iloa, mata'utia, e le'i iloa o lo'o fa'ata'ita'iina e ta'ua o le fa'amaonia o su'ega (PTC). O le PTC e masani ona faʻaaogaina i faʻatusatusaga SIL e "taui" mo le toilalo e sili atu le suʻeina o le SIF. E i ai i tagata le talitonuga sese ona ua latou manatu i le le lava o le su'ega o su'ega i la latou SIL fuafuaina, ua latou mamanuina se SIF faatuatuaina. O le mea moni faigofie, afai o lau su'ega e 75%, ma afai e te fa'amauina lena numera i lau SIL fa'atatau ma su'ega mea ua uma ona e su'eina soo, 25% o fa'aletonu mata'utia e mafai lava ona tupu fa'afuainumera. Ou te mautinoa ou te le fia i ai i lena 25%.
O lipoti fa'amaonia a le FMEDA ma tusi lesona mo le saogalemu mo masini e masani lava ona maua ai se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'amaonia aupito maualalo ma fa'amautu o su'ega. O nei mea e maua ai na'o ta'iala, ae le o laasaga uma o su'ega e mana'omia mo se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'amaonia atoatoa. O isi ituaiga o su'esu'ega fa'aletonu, e pei ole su'esu'eina o la'au fa'aletonu ma le fa'atumauina fa'amoemoega fa'alagolago, o lo'o fa'aogaina fo'i e su'esu'e ai fa'aletonu mata'utia.
E mafai ona vaevae su'ega fa'amaonia i le fa'atinoga atoatoa (fa'ai'uga i le pito) po'o su'ega fa'atino vaega (Ata 3). O su'ega fa'atino e masani ona faia pe a iai vaega ole SIF e 'ese'ese taimi ole su'ega ile fa'atusatusaga a le SIL e le fetaui ma tapuni po'o suiga ua fuafuaina. E taua tele le fa'aogaina o fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atino o su'ega fa'atino ina ia fa'ata'ita'i fa'atasi uma le fa'atinoga o le saogalemu o le SIF. Fa'atasi ai ma su'esu'ega fa'atino, o lo'o fautuaina pea le SIF e iai se su'ega fa'amaufa'ailoga pito i tua, ma su'ega mulimuli ane a'o liliu.
O su'ega fa'amaonia fa'apitoa e tatau ona fa'aopoopo i luga Ata 3: O su'ega fa'amaonia tu'ufa'atasi (lalo) e tatau ona aofia uma ai galuega o se su'ega fa'atino atoatoa (pito i luga).
Ata 3: O su'ega fa'amaonia tu'ufa'atasi (lalo) e tatau ona aofia uma ai galuega fa'atino o se su'ega fa'amaonia atoatoa (pito i luga).
Ole su'ega fa'apitoa e fa'amaonia ai na'o se pasene ole fa'aletonu ole masini. O se fa'ata'ita'iga masani o le su'ega o le valve-stroke, lea o lo'o fa'agaoioi ai le valve i se vaega la'ititi (10-20%) e fa'amaonia ai e le o pipii. E maualalo ifo le fa'ai'uga o le su'ega fa'amaonia nai lo le su'ega fa'amaonia i le va o su'ega muamua.
O fa'ata'ita'iga o su'ega fa'amaonia e mafai ona fesuisuia'i i le lavelave ma le lavelave o le SIF ma le filosofia o su'ega a le kamupani. O nisi kamupani latou te tusia fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga, a'o isi e fai si pu'upu'u faiga. O fa'asinomaga i isi faiga, e pei o le fa'avasegaina masani, e fa'aaoga i nisi taimi e fa'aitiitia ai le lapo'a o le fa'ata'ita'iga o le su'ega fa'amaonia ma fesoasoani e fa'amautinoa le tumau i le su'ega. O se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'amaonia lelei e tatau ona lava fa'amatalaga e fa'amautinoa ai o lo'o fa'ataunu'uina lelei ma fa'amaumau uma su'ega, ae le o le tele o fa'amatalaga e mafua ai ona mana'o le au tekinisia e fa'amisi laasaga. O le iai o le tekinisia, o ia lea e nafa ma le fa'atinoina o le la'asaga o le su'ega, i le amataga o le la'asaga o le su'ega e mafai ona fesoasoani e fa'amautinoa o le a sa'o le faia o le su'ega. O le sainia o le su'ega fa'amaonia ua mae'a e le Supervisor Meafaigaluega ma sui o Galuega o le a fa'amamafaina ai fo'i le taua ma fa'amautinoaina se su'ega fa'amaonia ua mae'a lelei.
E tatau lava ona vala'aulia manatu fa'atekinisi e fesoasoani e fa'aleleia le fa'agasologa. O le manuia o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ata'ita'iga o lo'o taoto i se vaega tele i lima o tekinisia, o lea e matua fautuaina ai le galulue fa'atasi.
Ole tele ole su'ega fa'amaonia e masani lava ona faia ile laina ole taimi ole tapuni po'o le liliu. I nisi tulaga, e ono mana'omia su'ega fa'amaonia e fai i luga ole laiga a'o tamo'e e fa'amalieina fa'atatau SIL po'o isi mana'oga. O su'ega i luga ole laiga e mana'omia ai le fuafuaina ma le fa'amaopoopoina ma le Fa'agaioiga ina ia fa'ataga le su'ega fa'amaonia e faia ma le saogalemu, e aunoa ma se fa'alavelave fa'alavelave, ma e aunoa ma le fa'atupuina o se malaga pepelo. E na'o le tasi le malaga fa'asese e fa'aaoga uma ai au osofa'iga. I le taimi o lenei ituaiga o suʻega, pe a le avanoa atoatoa le SIF e faʻatino lana galuega saogalemu, 61511-1, Fuaiupu 11.8.5, o loʻo taʻua ai e faapea "O faiga tau taui e faʻamautinoa ai le faʻaauauina o le saogalemu e tatau ona tuʻuina atu e tusa ai ma le 11.3 pe a iai le SIS i totonu. pasi (toe faaleleia po'o su'ega)." E tatau ona fa'atasi se faiga fa'aletonu o le fa'afoega o tulaga fa'atasi ma le fa'ata'ita'iga o su'ega fa'amaonia e fesoasoani e fa'amautinoa le faia lelei.
O le SIF e masani lava ona vaevaeina i ni vaega autu se tolu: sensors, fofo faʻamatalaga ma elemene mulimuli. O lo'o iai fo'i masini fesoasoani e mafai ona fa'afeso'ota'i i totonu o vaega ta'itasi nei e tolu (fa'ata'ita'iga, pa puipui o le IS, fa'alava malaga, fa'alava fa'alava, solenoids, ma isi) e tatau fo'i ona fa'ata'ita'i. O itu taua o fa'amaoniga fa'ata'ita'iga o nei tekinolosi ta'itasi e mafai ona maua i le itu, "Su'ega su'esu'e, fa'ata'ita'iga fa'atatau ma elemene mulimuli" (lalo).
O nisi mea e faigofie ona fa'amaonia su'ega nai lo isi. O le tele o fa'aonaponei ma nai mea tuai ma fa'atekonolosi maualuga o lo'o i totonu o le vaega sili atu ona faigata. O nei mea e aofia ai Coriolis flowmeters, vortex meters, mag mita, through-the-air radar, ultrasonic level, ma in-situ process switches, e taʻu mai ai ni nai mea. O le mea e lelei ai, o le tele o nei mea ua faʻaleleia atili suʻesuʻega e mafai ai ona faʻaleleia suʻega.
Ole faigata ole su'ega fa'amaonia sea masini i totonu ole fanua e tatau ona mafaufau ile SIF design. E faigofie mo inisinia ona filifili masini SIF e aunoa ma le mafaufau loloto i mea e manaʻomia e faʻamaonia ai le suʻega o le masini, talu ai e le o ni tagata e suʻeina. E moni foi lea i le vaega-stroke su'ega, o se auala masani e fa'aleleia ai le SIF averesi avanoa o le le manuia i luga o le mana'oga (PFDavg), ae mulimuli ane i luga ole la'au Fa'agaoioiga e le mana'o e fai, ma e tele taimi e le mafai. Tuuina atu i taimi uma le vaavaaiga o le inisinia o SIF e tusa ai ma suʻega faʻamaonia.
O le su'ega fa'amaonia e tatau ona aofia ai se asiasiga o le SIF fa'apipi'i ma toe fa'aleleia pe a mana'omia e fa'afetaui ai le 61511-1, Fuaiupu 16.3.2. E tatau ona i ai se su'esu'ega mulimuli ina ia mautinoa o lo'o fa'amauina mea uma, ma siaki fa'alua ua toe tu'u lelei le SIF i totonu o le auaunaga.
O le tusiaina ma le fa'atinoina o se faiga su'ega lelei ose la'asaga taua e fa'amautinoa ai le fa'amaoni o le SIF i lona olaga atoa. Ole faiga ole su'ega e tatau ona lava fa'amatalaga e fa'amautinoa ai o su'ega mana'omia o lo'o fa'aauau pea ma saogalemu e fa'atino ma fa'amaumau. O fa'aletonu mata'utia e le'i fa'ata'ita'iina e su'ega fa'amaonia e tatau ona totogi ina ia mautinoa o lo'o fa'atumauina lelei le saogalemu o le SIF i lona olaga atoa.
O le tusiaina o se fa'ata'ita'iga fa'amaonia lelei e mana'omia ai se faiga sa'o i le su'esu'ega fa'ainisinia o fa'aletonu mata'utia e ono tula'i mai, filifilia o auala, ma le tusiaina o la'asaga o le su'ega fa'amaonia o lo'o i totonu ole gafatia ole su'ega a le fale. I luga o le ala, fa'atau mai la'au i la'asaga uma mo le su'ega, ma a'oa'o tekinisia e fa'atino ma fa'amaumau le su'ega fa'amaonia ma malamalama i le taua o le su'ega. Tusi faatonuga e pei o oe o le mea faigaluega tekinisia e tatau ona faia le galuega, ma o le ola e faalagolago i le mauaina o le suʻega saʻo, aua latou te faia.
Testing sensors, logic solvers and final elements A SIF is typically divided up into three main parts, sensors, logic solvers and final elements. There also typically are auxiliary devices that can be associated within each of these three parts (e.g. I.S. barriers, trip amps, interposing relays, solenoids, etc.) that must also be tested.Sensor proof tests: The sensor proof test must ensure that the sensor can sense the process variable over its full range and transmit the proper signal to the SIS logic solver for evaluation. While not inclusive, some of the things to consider in creating the sensor portion of the proof test procedure are given in Table 1. Table 1: Sensor proof test considerations Process ports clean/process interface check, significant buildup noted Internal diagnostics check, run extended diagnostics if available Sensor calibration (5 point) with simulated process input to sensor, verified through to the DCS, drift check Trip point check High/High-High/Low/Low-Low alarms Redundancy, voting degradation Out of range, deviation, diagnostic alarms Bypass and alarms, restrike User diagnostics Transmitter Fail Safe configuration verified Test associated systems (e.g. purge, heat tracing, etc.) and auxiliary components Physical inspection Complete as-found and as-left documentation Logic solver proof test: When full-function proof testing is done, the logic solver’s part in accomplishing the SIF’s safety action and related actions (e.g. alarms, reset, bypasses, user diagnostics, redundancies, HMI, etc.) are tested. Partial or piecemeal function proof tests must accomplish all these tests as part of the individual overlapping proof tests. The logic solver manufacturer should have a recommended proof test procedure in the device safety manual. If not and as a minimum, the logic solver power should be cycled, and the logic solver diagnostic registers, status lights, power supply voltages, communication links and redundancy should be checked. These checks should be done prior to the full-function proof test.Don’t make the assumption that the software is good forever and the logic need not be tested after the initial proof test as undocumented, unauthorized and untested software and hardware changes and software updates can creep into systems over time and must be factored into your overall proof test philosophy. The management of change, maintenance, and revision logs should be reviewed to ensure they are up to date and properly maintained, and if capable, the application program should be compared to the latest backup.Care should also be taken to test all the user logic solver auxiliary and diagnostic functions (e.g. watchdogs, communication links, cybersecurity appliances, etc.).Final element proof test: Most final elements are valves, however, rotating equipment motor starters, variable-speed drives and other electrical components such as contactors and circuit breakers are also used as final elements and their failure modes must be analyzed and proof tested.The primary failure modes for valves are being stuck, response time too slow or too fast, and leakage, all of which are affected by the valve’s operating process interface at trip time. While testing the valve at operating conditions is the most desirable case, Operations would generally be opposed to tripping the SIF while the plant is operating. Most SIS valves are typically tested while the plant is down at zero differential pressure, which is the least demanding of operating conditions. The user should be aware of the worst-case operational differential pressure and the valve and process degradation effects, which should be factored into the valve and actuator design and sizing.Commonly, to compensate for not testing at process operating conditions, additional safety pressure/thrust/torque margin is added to the valve actuator and inferential performance testing is done utilizing baseline testing. Examples of these inferential tests are where the valve response time is timed, a smart positioner or digital valve controller is used to record a valve pressure/position curve or signature, or advance diagnostics are done during the proof test and compared with previous test results or baselines to detect valve performance degradation, indicating a potential incipient failure. Also, if tight shut off (TSO) is a requirement, simply stroking the valve will not test for leakage and a periodic valve leak test will have to be performed. ISA TR96.05.02 is intended to provide guidance on four different levels of testing of SIS valves and their typical proof test coverage, based on how the test is instrumented. People (particularly users) are encouraged to participate in the development of this technical report (contact crobinson@isa.org).Ambient temperatures can also affect valve friction loads, so that testing valves in warm weather will generally be the least demanding friction load when compared to cold weather operation. As a result, proof testing of valves at a consistent temperature should be considered to provide consistent data for inferential testing for the determination of valve performance degradation.Valves with smart positioners or a digital valve controller generally have capability to create a valve signature that can be used to monitor degradation in valve performance. A baseline valve signature can be requested as part of your purchase order or you can create one during the initial proof test to serve as a baseline. The valve signature should be done for both opening and closing of the valve. Advanced valve diagnostic should also be used if available. This can help tell you if your valve performance is deteriorating by comparing subsequent proof test valve signatures and diagnostics with your baseline. This type of test can help compensate for not testing the valve at worst case operating pressures.The valve signature during a proof test may also be able to record the response time with time stamps, removing the need for a stopwatch. Increased response time is a sign of valve deterioration and increased friction load to move the valve. While there are no standards regarding changes in valve response time, a negative pattern of changes from proof test to proof test is indicative of the potential loss of the valve’s safety margin and performance. Modern SIS valve proof testing should include a valve signature as a matter of good engineering practice.The valve instrument air supply pressure should be measured during a proof test. While the valve spring for a spring-return valve is what closes the valve, the force or torque involved is determined by how much the valve spring is compressed by the valve supply pressure (per Hooke’s Law, F = kX). If your supply pressure is low, the spring will not compress as much, hence less force will be available to move the valve when needed. While not inclusive, some of the things to consider in creating the valve portion of the proof test procedure are given in Table 2. Table 2: Final element valve assembly considerations Test valve safety action at process operating pressure (best but typically not done), and time the valve’s response time. Verify redundancy Test valve safety action at zero differential pressure and time valve’s response time. Verify redundancy Run valve signature and diagnostics as part of proof test and compare to baseline and previous test Visually observe valve action (proper action without unusual vibration or noise, etc.). Verify the valve field and position indication on the DCS Fully stroke the valve a minimum of five times during the proof test to help ensure valve reliability. (This is not intended to fix significant degradation effects or incipient failures). Review valve maintenance records to ensure any changes meet the required valve SRS specifications Test diagnostics for energize-to-trip systems Leak test if Tight Shut Off (TSO) is required Verify the command disagree alarm functionality Inspect valve assembly and internals Remove, test and rebuild as necessary Complete as-found and as-left documentation Solenoids Evaluate venting to provide required response time Evaluate solenoid performance by a digital valve controller or smart positioner Verify redundant solenoid performance (e.g. 1oo2, 2oo3) Interposing Relays Verify correct operation, redundancy Device inspection
O le SIF e masani lava ona vaevaeina i ni vaega autu se tolu, sensors, faʻafitauli faʻafitauli ma elemene mulimuli. E masani fo'i ona iai masini fesoasoani e mafai ona fa'afeso'ota'i i totonu o vaega ta'itasi nei e tolu (fa'ata'ita'iga o pa puipui o le IS, amps malaga, fa'alava feso'ota'i, solenoids, ma isi) e tatau fo'i ona tofotofoina.
Su'ega fa'amaonia: E tatau ona fa'amautinoa e le su'ega fa'amaonia e mafai e le masini ona lagona le suiga o le faagasologa i lona tulaga atoa ma tu'uina atu le fa'ailo talafeagai i le SIS logic solver mo le iloiloga. E ui e le o aofia ai, o nisi o mea e mafaufau i ai i le fatuina o le vaega o le masini o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻega o loʻo tuʻuina atu i le Laulau 1.
Fa'ata'ita'iga mo le fa'amalieina o le fa'atonuga: A mae'a le su'ega fa'atino atoatoa, e fa'ata'ita'i le vaega a le tagata fo'i fa'atatau i le fa'ataunu'uina o le puipuiga a le SIF ma gaioiga fa'atatau (fa'ata'ita'iga fa'ailo, toe fa'afo'i, pasi, su'esu'ega a le tagata fa'aoga, toe fa'afo'isia, HMI, ma isi). E tatau ona fa'ataunu'uina uma nei su'ega e fai ma vaega ole su'ega fa'amaufa'ailoga ta'ito'atasi. E tatau ona i ai i le tagata gaosi mea e fofo ai le mafaufau se faiga fa'amaonia fa'amaonia i totonu o le tusi lesona mo le saogalemu o masini. Afai e leai ma i se tulaga maualalo, e tatau ona faʻataʻamilomilo le mana o le fofo, ma e tatau ona siaki le resitalaina o suʻesuʻega faʻamaonia, moli tulaga, voltage tuʻuina atu o le eletise, fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga ma redundancy. E tatau ona faia nei siaki a'o le'i faia le su'ega fa'amaonia atoatoa.
Aua le faia le manatu o le polokalama e lelei e faʻavavau ma e le manaʻomia ona faʻataʻitaʻiina le faʻataʻitaʻiga pe a maeʻa le suʻega faʻamaonia muamua e pei o le le faʻamaoniaina, le faʻatagaina ma le le faʻamaoniaina o polokalame ma suiga o masini ma faʻafouina polokalama e mafai ona fetolofi i faiga i le aluga o taimi ma e tatau ona faʻamaonia i lau aotelega. fa'amaonia su'ega filosofia. E tatau ona toe iloiloina le pulega o suiga, tausiga, ma toe iloiloga ina ia mautinoa o loʻo faʻafou ma tausia lelei, ma afai e mafai, e tatau ona faʻatusatusa le polokalame talosaga i le faʻamaumauga lata mai.
E tatau fo'i ona fa'aeteete e fa'ata'ita'i uma le fa'aogaina o le fa'aogaina o mea e mafai ona fa'amalieina ma fa'ata'ita'iga (fa'ata'ita'iga o ta'ifau, feso'ota'iga feso'ota'iga, mea faigaluega fa'akomepiuta, ma isi).
Su'ega fa'amautu elemene mulimuli: O le tele o elemene mulimuli o valve, peita'i, o masini fa'atosina afi afi, fa'asolosolo-saosaoa ta'avale ma isi vaega eletise e pei o fa'afeso'ota'i ma va'ava'ava'a o lo'o fa'aaogaina foi e avea ma elemene mulimuli ma o latou fa'aletonu e tatau ona su'esu'eina ma fa'amaonia fa'amaonia.
O faiga fa'aletonu muamua mo va'a o lo'o pipii, o le taimi e tali atu ai e telegese pe vave tele, ma le leaka, o ia mea uma e a'afia i le fa'aogaina o le fa'aogaina o le valve i le taimi o le malaga. A'o fa'ata'ita'iina le valve i tulaga fa'agaoioi o le tulaga sili lea ona mana'omia, e masani lava ona fa'afeagai le Fa'agaioiga i le pa'u o le SIF a'o fa'agaoioia le fale. Ole tele ole SIS valve e masani ona fa'ata'ita'iina a'o pa'u le la'au i lalo ole mamafa ole eseesega, lea e sili ona mana'omia ile tulaga fa'agaioia. E tatau i le tagata faʻaoga ona nofouta i le sili ona leaga o le faʻaogaina o le mamafa o le faʻaogaina ma le valve ma le faʻagasologa o aʻafiaga o le faʻaleagaina, lea e tatau ona faʻaogaina i totonu o le valve ma le mamanu ma le sizing.
Commonly, to compensate for not testing at process operating conditions, additional safety pressure/thrust/torque margin is added to the valve actuator and inferential performance testing is done utilizing baseline testing. Examples of these inferential tests are where the valve response time is timed, a smart positioner or digital valve controller is used to record a valve pressure/position curve or signature, or advance diagnostics are done during the proof test and compared with previous test results or baselines to detect valve performance degradation, indicating a potential incipient failure. Also, if tight shut off (TSO) is a requirement, simply stroking the valve will not test for leakage and a periodic valve leak test will have to be performed. ISA TR96.05.02 is intended to provide guidance on four different levels of testing of SIS valves and their typical proof test coverage, based on how the test is instrumented. People (particularly users) are encouraged to participate in the development of this technical report (contact crobinson@isa.org).
E mafai fo'i ona a'afia le vevela o le ambient i uta fe'avea'i o valve, ina ia fa'apea o le fa'ata'ita'iina o alatoto i le tau mafanafana e masani lava ona avea ma uta fa'atauva'a sili ona faigata pe a fa'atusatusa i le tau malulu. O le i'uga, o su'esu'ega fa'amaonia o valve i le vevela faifaipea e tatau ona mafaufauina e tu'uina atu fa'amaumauga faifaipea mo su'ega fa'apitoa mo le fa'amautuina o le fa'aleagaina o le fa'atinoga o valve.
Valve e iai fa'atonuga atamai po'o se masini fa'apipi'i fa'atekinolosi e masani lava ona i ai le gafatia e fai ai se saini valve e mafai ona fa'aoga e mata'ituina ai le fa'aleagaina i le fa'atinoina o le valve. E mafai ona talosagaina se saini o le valve laina e fai ma vaega o lau fa'atauga pe mafai fo'i ona e faia se tasi i le taimi o le su'ega fa'amaonia muamua e fai ma laina fa'avae. Ole saini ole valve e tatau ona faia mo le tatalaina ma le tapunia ole valve. E tatau fo'i ona fa'aoga le su'esu'ega o le valve maualuga pe a maua. E mafai ona fesoasoani lea e ta'u atu ia te oe pe ua fa'aletonu lau valve e ala i le fa'atusatusaina o saini fa'ata'ita'i fa'ata'ita'i fa'ata'ita'i ma fa'ama'i ma lau laina fa'avae. O lenei ituaiga o su'ega e mafai ona fesoasoani e totogi mo le le su'eina o le alatoto i tulaga sili ona leaga o le fa'aogaina o omiga.
Ole saini ole valve ile taimi ole su'ega fa'amaonia e mafai fo'i ona fa'amaumau le taimi tali i fa'ailoga taimi, aveese le mana'omia mo se uati taofi. O le fa'ateleina o le taimi e tali atu ai o se fa'ailoga lea o le fa'aleagaina o le valve ma le fa'atuputeleina o le mamafa o le fe'avea'i e fa'agaoioi ai le alatoto. E ui e leai ni tulaga fa'atatau e uiga i suiga i le taimi e tali atu ai valve, o se mamanu le lelei o suiga mai le su'ega fa'amaonia i le su'ega fa'amaonia e fa'aalia ai le ono leiloa o le va'a saogalemu ma le fa'atinoga. O su'ega fa'aonaponei a le SIS valve e tatau ona aofia ai se saini o le valve o se mataupu o le fa'ainisinia lelei.
E tatau ona fuaina le mamafa o le sapalai o le ea valve i le taimi o se su'ega fa'amaonia. E ui o le vaipuna o le alatoto mo le alatoto e toe fo'i ai o le mea lea e tapunia ai le alatoto, o le malosi po o le torque o loʻo aʻafia ai e fuafua i le tele o le vaipuna o loʻo faʻapipiʻiina i le mamafa o le sapalai (i le Tulafono a Hooke, F = kX). Afai e maualalo le mamafa o lau sapalai, o le puna o le a le faʻapipiʻi tele, o le mea lea o le a itiiti le malosi o le a avanoa e faʻanofo ai le valve pe a manaʻomia. E ui e le o aofia ai, o nisi o mea e mafaufau i ai i le fatuina o le valve vaega o le faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻega faʻamaonia o loʻo tuʻuina atu i le Laulau 2.
Taimi meli: Nov-13-2019
